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Validated behavioral pain scales (e.g., Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale) rely on observable behaviors (e.g., limping, guarding, facial expression). Machine learning algorithms are now being trained to detect pain from video footage of facial expressions in mice, horses, and dogs.

Animal behavior is both a diagnostic tool and a treatment target within veterinary medicine. Understanding species-typical behaviors, stress indicators, and learning theory allows veterinarians to improve medical outcomes, reduce occupational hazards, and enhance animal welfare. This paper reviews the critical intersections of ethology and veterinary practice, including behavioral indicators of pain, the impact of handling stress on physiological data, the diagnosis of behavioral disorders, and the application of behavior modification as part of treatment plans. Validated behavioral pain scales (e

When a behavioral issue is strictly psychological, a structured treatment plan is required. Understanding species-typical behaviors